India is one of the highest antibiotic consuming countries in the world.
Indian Impact: In India, nearly 60,000 neonatal deaths per year stem from antibiotic-resistant infections.
The Indian Priority Pathogen List (IPPL) guides antibiotic research in India. Created by WHO Country Office and Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, it categorizes bacteria by priority: critical, high, or medium. Prioritization depends on resistance severity, health impact, and treatment alternatives.
Prime Minister's Perspective ๐ฌ๐ Antibiotics revolutionized disease treatment, but their misuse is diminishing their ๐ effectiveness. ๐ฎ๐ณ India recognizes AMR as a grave global health threat and is dedicated to tackling it. ๐ Steps Taken: National program against AMR implementation. National Centre of Disease Control and Indian Council of Medical Research engaged in AMR surveillance. Antibiotic sale restrictions through statutory changes. Awareness campaign and antibiotic use guidelines introduced. ๐ค Multisectoral collaboration required for AMR prevention and containment. ๐ India fully committed to global AMR prevention efforts. ๐ฎ๐ณ Prime Minister Narendra Modi's commitment underscores the urgency of addressing AMR to avert a crisis with dire public health and economic ramifications. ๐
1.Enterobacteriaceae (Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli)
Carbapenem - R โ
Tigecycline - R โ
Colistin - R โ
2. Non-fermenting bacteria (Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
Carbapenem - R โ
Colistin - R โ
1.Staphylococcus aureus
MRSA, AVISA, Daptomycin - NS โ
Linezolid - R โ
2.Enterococcus species
Vancomycin - R โ
Linezolid - R โ
Daptomycin - NS โ
3. Salmonella species (Typhoidal and Non-typhoidal)
Azithromycin - NS โ
Third generation cephalosporins - NS โ
Carbapenem - NS โ
1.Streptococcus pneumonia
Cephalosporin - R โ
Fluoroquinolones - R โ
Linezolid - R โ
2.Staphylococcus, coagulase-negative
Vancomycin - R โ
Linezolid - R โ
3.Shigella species
Third generation cephalosporins - R โ
Azithromycin - R โ
4.Haemophilus influenzae
Third generation cephalosporin - NS โ
Carbapenem - NS โ
5. Neisseria meningitidis
Fluoroquinolones - NS โ
Third generation cephalosporins - NS โ
Charting a National Course of Action ๐บ๏ธ๐๐
Recognizing the gravity of AMR, the National Health Policy 2017 has underscored the imperative of stringent guidelines, judicious antibiotic use, and a united front against resistance. The Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, has established pivotal governance mechanisms โ including intersectoral coordination committees and expert groups โ all culminating in the National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (NAP-AMR). Collaboratively, they have endorsed the Delhi Declaration on Antimicrobial Resistance, uniting policymakers and stakeholders in the fight.
The challenge of anti-microbial resistance (AMR) is worsening as existing drugs become less effective and new ones are not being developed adequately.
Without timely intervention, the consequences by 2050 could include 10 million annual deaths and an economic toll of approximately $100 trillion.
An initial report from December 2014 estimated around 700,000 yearly deaths due to drug-resistant strains of common infections, including HIV, TB, and malaria. However, this is likely an underestimation due to reporting gaps. Over 200,000 fatalities occur annually due to multidrug-resistant and extremely drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) alone
In India, nearly 60,000 neonatal deaths per year stem from antibiotic-resistant infections. In the 18 months following the initial report, over a million lives have been lost to drug-resistant infections.
Previously manageable infections are now harder to cure. For instance, drug-resistant gonorrhoea strains are emerging, and there's a lack of rapid diagnostic tests for prescription guidance. As a result, last-line antibiotics are being employed, with no further treatment options available afterward.
The economic repercussions are evident, with the US experiencing over two million yearly infections resistant to primary antibiotics. This costs the US healthcare system an additional $20 billion annually.
The global costs, if we do not take action now, could be 10 million people dying every year by 2050, and a cumulative economic cost of around $100 trillion.